Treating Upper Respiratory Infections In Chickens

Upper respiratory infections (URI) are a serious concern for chickens. URIs can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi, and the most common organisms known for causing respiratory infections in chickens include Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Chlamydophila psittaci, and Pasteurella multocida. Symptoms of a URI in chickens include gasping for air, gurgly breathing, a runny nose, sneezing, coughing, congestion, and lethargy. To cure a URI in chickens, it is recommended to use antibiotics prescribed by a veterinarian, although some sources suggest using natural antibiotics such as oregano oil or organic herbs. It is important to distinguish between viral and bacterial infections, as they require different treatments. To prevent respiratory infections, it is recommended to limit human entry into the chicken area, use foot dips to prevent the spread of disease, quarantine new chickens, maintain hygiene in the coop, and minimize stress in the flock by ensuring proper ventilation and providing a balanced diet.

Symptoms of upper respiratory infection

Respiratory infections are a common ailment in chickens, especially during seasonal transitions. The symptoms of upper respiratory infections in chickens can vary depending on the type and severity of the infection, as well as the immune status of the bird. Here are some detailed symptoms of upper respiratory infections in chickens:

Sneezing and Coughing: Sneezing and coughing are typical symptoms of respiratory infections in chickens. However, occasional sneezing may not always indicate an infection. It is when persistent sneezing is accompanied by other sick symptoms that concern arises.

Noisy Breathing and Crackles: Fluids in the chicken's respiratory system can cause a crackling sound known as "rales" or "crackles." This is a common sign of respiratory infections and indicates the presence of fluid in the respiratory system. Gasping for air, or "pump handle breathing," often accompanies rales and is a severe symptom of advanced respiratory infection or airway obstruction.

Facial Swelling: Swelling of the face, around the eyes, and sometimes the wattles (the fleshy growths on a chicken's head) can be a symptom of respiratory infections. This swelling is due to hypoxia, or lack of oxygen, in the tissues. However, it can also be a symptom of other diseases, so it is important to consider the combination of symptoms.

Conjunctivitis: Swelling and irritation of the tissue around the eye, known as conjunctivitis, is another visible symptom of respiratory infections in chickens. Advanced conjunctivitis can cause significant swelling around the eye and may even lead to temporary blindness.

Head Shaking: Head shaking is often observed in chickens with respiratory infections as they attempt to clear their airways of mucus or other fluids.

Listlessness and Lethargy: Behavioral changes such as listlessness and lethargy can accompany respiratory infections in chickens. These changes may be due to hypoxia or a lack of oxygen in the tissues.

Diarrhea: Diarrhea can be a symptom of a respiratory infection in chickens and is cause for concern.

Cyanosis: Cyanosis is a bluish or purple discolouration of the skin, particularly in vascular areas such as the face, comb, and wattles. This discolouration indicates poor blood circulation or oxygen saturation. While cyanosis can be a sign of respiratory infection, it may also be indicative of cardiac deficiency.

It is important to note that respiratory infections in chickens can be caused by various agents, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi. The specific symptoms may vary depending on the cause of the infection. As such, it is always advisable to seek the professional opinion of a veterinarian, preferably an avian or poultry vet, for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

Causes of upper respiratory infection

Upper respiratory infections in chickens can be caused by a variety of factors, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. The most common organisms known to cause respiratory infections in chickens include:

Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Mycoplasma gallisepticum is a common bacterium that can cause respiratory disease in chickens, particularly when they are under stress. It is often associated with mild clinical signs that can escalate as secondary infections develop. It is transmitted from the hen to the chick through the egg.

Chlamydophila psittaci

Chlamydophila psittaci is a zoonotic, Gram-negative bacterial organism commonly found in exotic pet birds. Infection with this bacterium has been linked to respiratory disease in chickens, known as avian chlamydiosis.

Pasteurella multocida

Pasteurella multocida is an organism primarily transmitted through predator attacks, which can result in the onset of fowl cholera.

Avian Influenza

Avian influenza is a viral infection that can be spread by wild birds such as sparrows, finches, and geese. Chickens exposed to these wild birds can become infected and shed the virus for life.

Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV)

IBV is a highly contagious avian coronavirus that causes acute upper respiratory tract infections in chickens. It is transmitted through respiratory discharge, contaminated feed and water, or contact with contaminated equipment and clothing. Infected chickens can shed the virus intermittently for up to 20 weeks.

In addition to these common causes, respiratory infections in chickens can also be influenced by environmental factors such as overcrowding, poor ventilation, and humidity levels.

Natural treatments

Upper respiratory infections in chickens are serious and can quickly turn fatal. Natural treatments are often effective, but it is important to monitor the chicken's health and switch treatments if necessary.

VetRx

VetRx is a commercially available natural product that can be used to treat respiratory infections in chickens. It can be administered in several ways:

• Rubbed on the beak
• Added to drinking water
• Sprayed over the flock
• Applied to the head and wings
• Used to swab the throat, nostrils, and eyes

Herbs

Herbs can be used to treat respiratory infections in chickens. Some herbs that can be used include:

• Basil
• Bee balm
• Dill
• Echinacea
• Oregano
• Astragalus
• Thyme
• Turmeric
• Ginger
• Lovage
• Garlic
• Nasturtium
• Rose petals
• Rosemary
• Aloe vera
• Cinnamon
• Yarrow
• Mint

Herbs can be offered fresh in a herb garden next to the coop during the growing season, or dried and mixed into feed during the winter. Oregano oil can also be added to drinking water.

Environmental Factors

Respiratory infections in chickens can be caused or exacerbated by environmental factors. To prevent and treat respiratory infections, it is important to:

• Maintain a clean, dry, and well-ventilated coop
• Avoid drafts, dusty bedding, and damp litter
• Quarantine new chickens for six weeks before introducing them to the flock
• Limit exposure to wild birds

Antibiotics

There are several readily available antibiotics that can be purchased from local feed stores, such as Terramycin and Duramycin-10. It is important to follow the instructions on the package and administer the antibiotics for the indicated time period. Removing the antibiotics too early can cause the infection to return, and the disease may worsen.

In addition, it is essential to identify the specific cause of the infection, whether bacterial, viral, or fungal, to ensure the appropriate treatment. For example, tetracycline antibiotics are effective in reducing the duration of symptoms of non-specific respiratory infections caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum by half. However, it is important to note that while antibiotics can help manage symptoms, they do not eliminate certain diseases, such as coryza. Therefore, it is crucial to consult a veterinarian immediately if a respiratory illness is suspected and carefully follow their guidance.

Prevention

Housing and Ventilation

Providing appropriate housing for your chickens is essential for reducing the risk of respiratory infections. Ensure that your chicken coop offers adequate ventilation. During summer, keep windows open to improve air quality and circulation. Cracks at the seams of the roof lines can also allow for a limited exchange of air, which is beneficial. However, during winter, windows may not provide the best air exchange, so consider other ventilation options. It is crucial to maintain proper air circulation and stable temperatures to minimise stress on your flock's respiratory system.

Limit Human and Wild Bird Interaction

Minimise human entry into the chicken area to reduce the risk of introducing harmful bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Wild birds, such as sparrows and finches, can spread diseases like avian influenza, chlamydiosis, and avian tuberculosis. Therefore, it is important to prevent wild birds from accessing the coop and keep your chickens away from bird feeders when they have free-range access. Additionally, limit human interaction with your flock, especially if they are showing any signs of illness, to prevent the potential spread of diseases.

Quarantine New Chickens

Always quarantine new chickens before introducing them to your existing flock. A 6-week quarantine period is recommended to observe for any health concerns. This practice helps ensure that new additions to your flock are not carrying infections that could spread to your healthy chickens.

Hygiene and Sanitation

Maintain excellent hygiene practices in and around the coop. Clean and disinfect the coop regularly to minimise the risk of disease. Use foot dips to prevent the spread of diseases from shoes or equipment. Keep bedding clean and free from mould, as mould can be a respiratory irritant for your chickens.

Diet and Nutrition

Provide your chickens with a balanced diet rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Include feed supplements specifically recommended for chickens to boost their immune systems and overall health. Feeding your chickens organic herbs ensures they receive the necessary nutrients, antioxidants, and antibiotic properties to support their health.

Vaccination

Consult with a veterinarian about vaccinating your flock against common respiratory diseases, such as infectious bronchitis. While vaccines may not cover all strains, they can provide protection against specific ones and help control the spread of certain diseases.

Frequently asked questions